The session will explore current conditions and new challenges in responding to HIV on the island of New Guinea, highlighting recent research from both sides of the border to allow for comparative insights. While gains in addressing HIV prevalence have recently been reported for PNG, Tanah Papua is now reporting the highest HIV prevalence in the Asia-Pacific and is approximately 3rd in the world for new HIV infections. Showcasing the work of qualitative researchers and anthropologists, this panel explores how different actors and agencies are understanding, framing, and responding to HIV/AIDS.